Tam, V W Y; Kim, K and Brohier, A (2021) Life-cycle analysis by using the alternative sustainable water innovations in residential dwellings. International Journal of Construction Management, 21(11), pp. 1143-1155. ISSN 1562-3599
Abstract
Water supply has drastically declined particularly in parts of Australia. This is a consequence of climate change, urban development, wastage and rising demand for fresh water. These factors along with escalating water rates have significantly contributed to water scarcity, and cost effectiveness becoming paramount in the residential sector. Utilizing sustainable alternatives, such as water efficient showerheads, aerated faucets, dual flush/waterless toilets, water conserving dishwashers and steam washing machines opposed to standard devices, has the ability to optimize water efficiency and reduce living expenses, while helping conserve this natural resource. This research investigates if the sustainable alternative can optimize water efficiency and cost effectiveness in residential dwellings. The cities which have been investigated are Sydney, Canberra, Brisbane, Melbourne, Adelaide, Perth and Darwin. Water price data from 2001 to 2010 have been examined for each of these cities. Future water prices can than predicted based on the current increase rate. Average water consumption and duration of usage outlined in the Water Efficiency Labelling and Standards Scheme (WELS) have been used in all calculations. Water consumption, life cycle cost and payback periods are compared between standard and innovative devices over a 15-year period. Results are contrasted to literature, respective city and number of occupants. All alternative devices studied in the water consumption comparison, made significant savings over the 15-year period. It is found that all cities examined experience positive savings between $7,295 and $28,785 over 15 years if all devices are used together for a single occupant. It can also be noted that the city of Adelaide achieves the greatest savings while Perth accomplishes the least, due to comparatively low water price. Technological advancements in the future will improve fixtures and appliances used in dwellings maximizing overall water and cost efficiency, while minimizing the impacts on natural resources.
| Item Type: | Article |
|---|---|
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | Australia; cost effectiveness; residential; sustainable water innovations; water efficiency |
| Index terms: | fresh water, water consumption, becoming, natural resource, efficiency, urban development, Brisbane, life cycle cost, water supply, Australia, payback, climate change, cost-effectivenes, savings, duration, cost efficiency |
| Subjects: | infrastructure and transport systems, philosophical process, economics, research methods, project controls, Geography, performance management, economic analysis, climate science, urban design, water management, environmental resource management |
| Topics: | Cost Management, Geographical Context, Quality Management, Urban Studies, Time Control, Business Strategy, Research Practice, Engineering Principles, Sustainability |
| Descriptive scope: | 2 PC |
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