Sustainability assessment of U.S. Construction sectors: Ecosystems perspective

The U.S. construction industry accounts for approximately 4% of the gross domestic product. Although quantifying and analyzing the cumulative ecological resource consumption of the construction industry is of great importance, it has not been studied sufficiently. This paper aims to account for the total ecological resource consumption of the construction industry, including its supply chains. This analysis is achieved by using an ecologically based life-cycle assessment model. The impacts on the ecosystem were calculated on the basis of the economic data in terms of cumulative mass, energy, industrial exergy, and ecological exergy. U.S. construction sectors are holistically evaluated by using various sustainability metrics, such as resource intensity, efficiency ratio, and loading ratio. Total ecological exergy values were generally found to be larger for the sectors with higher economic output values. Heavy construction industry sectors, including construction and maintenance of highways, bridges, or pipelines, were generally found to use fewer renewable resources and to have higher emission intensity.