VDC scorecard: Formulation, application, and validation

The authors have developed the virtual design and construction (VDC) Scorecard to encompass two characteristics, in which existing VDC assessment frameworks are weak: a holistic framework and adaptive scoring criteria. First, the Scorecard framework was developed to be holistic by including the vocabularies for measuring how well VDC is supporting its objectives. To make the framework holistic, the authors first developed the higher-level structure of the framework based on literature with holistic VDC themes and then refined the lower-level structure of the framework with nested interviews. Second, the scoring criteria were developed to be adaptive to evolving industry norms, which cannot be ignored in a field that is driven by rapid evolution of technology. To make the scoring criteria adaptive, the authors used iterative sampling and comparison methods for establishing the criteria. The resulting assessment framework is able to quantitatively and statistically represent the relationships between VDC and its objectives, providing a holistic assessment framework. This research also presents a plausible methodology for developing scoring criteria that gradually evolves with the industry norms, making the scoring criteria adaptive.