Wayfinding: A grounded theory study of the information-seeking behavior of constructors

This study examined how and why practitioners in the modern construction industry sought information as part of their everyday work activities. A grounded theory methodology was utilized to identify the main problem and how it was resolved by the participants. The main problem was determined to be the ability to seek accurate information efficiently and effectively. A theory termed wayfinding was developed and described through interviews with 24 current constructors.These constructors were theoretically sampled from many segments of the construction industry, including construction management, general contracting, and subcontracting. Both genders and a variety of positions were sampled, and the constructors' work experience ranged from a few months to several decades. Relevant literature was incorporated from pertinent fields including urban planning, which developed the term wayfinding; architecture and interior design; and computer science. The current construction industry and its information-seeking process were detailed, including the overriding issue of time and its impact on construction.The research indicated that there were three main categories of the theory: reasons for wayfinding, wayfinding tools and methods, and types of wayfinders. wayfinding was employed by constructors for five reasons: to clarify, confirm, source, prepare, and manage risk. Clarifying, sourcing, and preparing were all found to be common reasons for information-seeking, with confirming and managing risk less frequently encountered. The tools and methods used included print sources, Internet resources, networking, branching/filtering, and cost-saving. Networking was the preferred technique, with branching/filtering and cost-saving being employed only by experienced constructors. Familiarity with the process differentiated the novice from the experienced constructor and was not solely based on the number of years' work experience. Novice constructors used physical proximity as a criterion when selecting a source of information, and selected methods purposively to avoid embarrassment.Implications of wayfinding for the practitioner and construction organization were presented. Implications in other fields were discussed for education, architecture and interior design, and technology. Problems with wayfinding included the inherent inefficiency of the design/construction system and a lack of training. Potential changes were also introduced, including technology and contractual relationships. Recommendations were made for current constructors, including novices and experienced practitioners.