Factors influencing procurement in construction: The role of clients and construction machinery in KwaZulu-Natal

This study identifies the client and machinery-related factors and examines their interrelationships in construction procurement, employing a systems-thinking approach. Data from stakeholders in the KwaZulu-Natal construction industry were analysed through statistical methods and Applied Systems Analysis (ASA), with causal loop diagrams (CLDs) illustrating how procurement performance evolves via reinforcing and balancing feedback loops. Findings indicate that clients’ emphasis on cost and timely delivery strongly drives procurement decisions but can weaken decision-making, reduce communication, and increase project variations. Machinery-related challenges, including poor maintenance, high hiring costs, and limited access, further exacerbate inefficiencies. When considered together, balancing loops emerge, where strong governance, effective communication, preventive maintenance, and operator training stabilise and improve outcomes. The study contributes theoretically by advancing a systems-based perspective that integrates client governance and machinery management, and practically by identifying leverage points for policymakers, clients, and contractors, such as improving governance, embedding maintenance practices, aligning priorities with resource planning, and institutionalising feedback. Procurement effectiveness is thus shaped by interdependent governance, decision-making, resource management, and systemic learning. Keywords: Applied Systems Analysis, Client, Construction, Machinery, Procurement, Governance