Comparative analysis of work performance and physiological response based on office types and indoor space design

The person-environment fit theory suggests that indoor office environments should be designed to improve work performance while reflecting worker preferences. However, customising design factors, such as wall colours, wall and floor materials, and ceiling height, is challenging. Although the office type can affect cognitive function and physiological responses, it has received little attention owing to the need for alternative research instruments to implement such changes. Technological advancements in extended reality can help address these challenges. This study investigates the effects of multiple design factors and office types on work performance and physiological responses in a mixed-reality environment. Thirty participants customised their private and open-plan office environments for decision-making. The participants performed the digit span test, jigsaw puzzle test, remote associates test, and MemTrax to assess short–and long-term memory, reasoning, and creativity. The physiological responses of participants, including heart rate (HR) and electroencephalogram (EEG), were also measured. Differences between private and open-plan office environments were analysed using paired t-tests and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests after converting the EEG data into mental workload and mental stress indicators and calculating the mean HR. The findings suggest that in open-plan offices, collaboration and task sharing reduce mental workload and enhance creativity and performance. However, a balanced work environment tailored to the task characteristics is essential, as private spaces contribute to higher long-term work performance. These results highlight the importance of designing workspaces that satisfy diverse requirements and tasks. Adopting adaptive and hybrid strategies can enable organisations to enhance productivity while promoting well-being and performance.