Evaluating the impact of gender segregation and egress design on mosque evacuation performance: An abm study

Mosques present unique evacuation safety challenges stemming from architectural features (e.g. open halls), fluctuating densities, and cultural practices like gender segregation. This study uses Agent-Based Modeling (ABM) to evaluate the impact of gender segregation on evacuation performance within the Ahmet Hamdi Akseki Mosque, Ankara (capacity: 5,000). The model integrates a realistic 3D environment, diverse agent demographics, and culturally specific spatial segregation. Four scenarios were compared: baseline segregation, inverted placement, mixed distribution, and baseline with additional Qibla exits. Simulations consistently identified critical congestion at Mahfil staircases and ground-floor exit merging points, resulting in significant evacuation delays for women in the baseline scenario due to the interplay of segregation and architectural constraints. The study quantifies performance differences across scenarios, assessing the effectiveness of occupant distribution strategies and added exits (including on the Qibla wall). Findings emphasize the need for performance-based design and targeted evacuation procedures. This ABM approach provides mosque designers and managers with a tool to evaluate interventions, optimize egress, and enhance safety in culturally sensitive contexts.