Comparative analysis of communication in project management approaches: Waterfall, agile, and hybrid

Communication directly affects alignment among stakeholders and overall project performance. However, comparative studies focusing specifically on communication across project management methodologies remain scarce. This study contributes a novel analytical framework that systematically integrates nine communication aspects across Waterfall, Agile, and Hybrid methodologies, bridging theoretical foundations with applied evidence from construction projects. The study provides a structured and comparative analysis of communication strategies across traditional, agile, and hybrid project models. The research aims to derive transferable insights that support more strategic managerial decisions, enhance project adaptability, and strengthen stakeholder collaboration. A qualitative and exploratory methodology was applied, combining a systematic literature review (2013–2025) with documentary research. From 59 identified articles, 21 were selected to form the analytical basis. Nine communication aspects (objectives, client participation, frequency, decision-making, adaptability, tools, channels, roles, and feedback) were compared through a matrix, supported by normative references (PMBOK®, Scrum Guide, Agile Manifesto). A practical application was then developed using a hybrid model in the construction of a manufacturing plant. Results indicate that Waterfall emphasizes control and traceability, Agile prioritizes adaptability and frequent interaction, and Hybrid integrates both approaches. In practice, the hybrid model enhanced predictability while allowing iterative adjustments. The findings provide actionable guidance for managers, helping them tailor communication strategies to project conditions. This work contributes by systematizing communication within project management methodologies that bridges theory and practice.