How structural modelling of R-principles reveals their interactions and guides circular economy implementation in Vietnam

Purpose – This study aims to investigate the structural interrelationships among the R-principles of the circular economy (CE) in construction, identifying key drivers and their hierarchical influence to guide short-, medium- and long-term implementation strategies. Design/methodology/approach – Total interpretive structural modelling (TISM) was applied in a seven-step framework to identify direct and indirect relationships among R-principles of the CE in construction. A systematic literature review identified potential principles, which were refined through a pilot test. Brainstorming sessions with experts were conducted to elicit and interpret pairwise links, forming the reachability matrix and TISM model. The same expert panel validated the final model using a Likert scale, and MICMAC analysis was then used to classify the principles by their driving and dependence power. Findings – The TISM model shows a five-level hierarchy of eleven R-principles. Rethink (R10) and Reuse (R8) are positioned at the first level as the strongest drivers, forming the starting point for other principles. In the model, Refuse (R11) and Refurbish (R6) are on the second level, using early-stage design thinking to extend the life of existing buildings and avoid unnecessary construction. Repurpose (R4) and Reduce (R9) are positioned in the middle, linking early principles with later material-processing steps. Recycle (R3) is above them, while Replace (R1), Recover (R2), Remanufacture (R5) and Repair (R7) are the most dependent, needing earlier actions to be in place. MICMAC analysis identified Rethink, Reuse, Refuse, Refurbish and Reduce as high-driving principles; Repurpose as the only link between groups; Repair as the only autonomous principle; and Replace, Recover, Recycle, and Remanufacture as dependent principles. Practical implications – The study suggests a three-stage roadmap for CE in construction. The first stage focuses on high driving principles, including Refuse, Rethink and Reuse, which should be applied early in planning, design and procurement to prevent unnecessary building and incorporate reusable materials. The second stage builds on this foundation with Refurbish, Reduce and Repurpose to improve resource management and extend the life of buildings and structures. The final stage addresses dependent principles, which are Recycle, Recover, Remanufacture, Replace and Repair, after supporting systems such as recycling facilities, remanufacturing capacity and reverse logistics are established. Social implications – Early focus on Rethink and Reuse can create jobs in refurbishment, material recovery, and sustainable design, which will require training programs and practical courses as well as public awareness campaigns. Originality/value – The study builds a construction-specific model of R-principles, mapping their influence and hierarchical relationships. Using TISM with MICMAC, it clarifies each principle's role beyond prior lists and rankings. The model informs a three-stage roadmap from early planning to long-term material recovery, and points to social benefits such as jobs in refurbishment, material recovery and sustainable design. It also provides a basis for cross-context comparisons and can be translated into indicators for analytical models or readiness assessment tools in different construction contexts.